The first president of the Missouri Synod worked long and
hard to restore a common historic liturgy to the church when so many churches
were following their own devices. C. F. W. Walther's efforts received some
negative feedback. He responded in a publication that he edited for many years:
Der Lutheraner, as in this example,
translated from the July 19, 1853, issue, volume 9, number 24, page 163.
Whenever the divine service once again follows the old
Evangelical-Lutheran agendas (or church books), it seems that many raise a
great cry that it is "Roman Catholic": "Roman Catholic"
when the pastor chants "The Lord be with you" and the congregation
responds by chanting "and with thy spirit"; "Roman
Catholic" when the pastor chants the collect and the blessing and the
people respond with a chanted "Amen." Even the simplest Christian can respond to this outcry:
"Prove to me that this chanting is contrary to the Word of God, then I too
will call it `Roman Catholic' and have nothing more to do with it. However, you
cannot prove this to me." If you insist upon calling every element in the divine
service "Romish" that has been used by the Roman Catholic Church, it
must follow that the reading of the Epistle and Gospel is also
"Romish." Indeed, it is mischief to sing or preach in church, for the
Roman Church has done this also . . .Those who cry out should remember that the Roman Catholic
Church possesses every beautiful song of the old orthodox church. The chants
and antiphons and responses were brought into the church long before the false
teachings of Rome crept in. This Christian Church since the beginning, even in
the Old Testament, has derived great joy from chanting... For more than 1700
years orthodox Christians have participated joyfully in the divine service.
Should we, today, carry on by saying that such joyful participation is
"Roman Catholic"? God forbid! Therefore, as we continue to hold and to restore our
wonderful divine services in places where they have been forgotten, let us
boldly confess that our worship forms do not tie us with the modern sects or
with the church of Rome; rather, they join us to the one, holy Christian Church
that is as old as the world and is built on the foundation of the apostles and
prophets.
Here are a number of pictures of paintings of the historic Lutheran worship service, also known as the Gottesdienst, Divine Service, following the pictures are comments on Lutheranism and liturgy. Here is the page where I found them. Here are the images. Sorry for the poor quality, but it just the best I could do given the originals provided at the web site in Germany.
Lutheran Divine Service in Hamburg

Lutheran Divine Service in Muhlberg/Elbe

Lutheran Divine Service in Gorlitz

Lutheran Divine Service in Salzhemmendorf
Lutheran Divine Service. Location not known.
From the book: Historische Bilder zum Evangelisch-Lutherischen Gottensdienst
More thoughts from C.F.W. Walther:
"We know and firmly hold that the character, the soul of Lutheranism,
is not found in outward observances but in the pure doctrine. If a
congregation had the most beautiful ceremonies in the very best
order, but did not have the pure doctrine, it would be anything but
Lutheran. We have from the beginning spoken earnestly of good
ceremonies, not as though the important thing were outward forms, but
rather to make use of our liberty in these things. For true Lutherans
know that although one does not have to have these things (because
there is no divine command to have them), one may nevertheless have
them because good ceremonies are lovely and beautiful and are not
forbidden in the Word of God. Therefore the Lutheran church has not
abolished "outward ornaments, candles, altar cloths, statues and
similar ornaments," [AP XXIV] but has left them free. The sects
proceeded differently because they did not know how to distinguish
between what is commanded, forbidden, and left free in the Word of
God. We remind only of the mad actions of Carlstadt and of his
adherents and followers in Germany and in Switzerland. We on our part
have retained the ceremonies and church ornaments in order to prove
by our actions that we have a correct understanding of Christian
liberty, and know how to conduct ourselves in things which are
neither commanded nor forbidden by God.
We refuse to be guided by those who are offended by our church
customs. We adhere to them all the more firmly when someone wants to
cause us to have a guilty conscience on account of them. The Roman
antichristendom enslaves poor consciences by imposing human
ordinances on them with the command: "You must keep such and such a
thing!"; the sects enslave consciences by forbidding and branding as
sin what God has left free. Unfortunately, also many of our Lutheran
Christians are still without a true understanding of their liberty.
This is demonstrated by their aversion to ceremonies.
It is truly distressing that many of our fellow Christians find the
difference between Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism in outward
things. It is a pity and dreadful cowardice when a person sacrifices
the good ancient church customs to please the deluded American
denominations just so they won't accuse us of being Roman Catholic!
Indeed! Am I to be afraid of a Methodist, who perverts the saving
Word, or be ashamed in the matter of my good cause, and not rather
rejoice that they can tell by our ceremonies that I do not belong to
them?
It is too bad that such entirely different ceremonies prevail in our
Synod, and that no liturgy at all has yet been introduced in many
congregations. The prejudice especially against the responsive
chanting of pastor and congregations is of course still very great
with many people -- this does not, however, alter the fact that it is
very foolish. The pious church father Augustine said, "Qui cantat,
bis orat--he who sings prays twice."
This finds its application also in the matter of the liturgy. Why
should congregations or individuals in the congregation want to
retain their prejudices? How foolish that would be! For first of all
it is clear from the words of St. Paul (1 Cor. 14:16) that the
congregations of his time had a similar custom. It has been the
custom in the Lutheran Church for 250 years. It creates a solemn
impression on the Christian mind when one is reminded by the
solemnity of the divine service that one is in the house of God, in
childlike love to their heavenly Father, also give expression to
their joy in such a lovely manner.
We are not insisting that there be uniformity in perception or
feeling or taste among all believing Christians-neither dare anyone
demand that all be minded as he. Nevertheless, it remains true that
the Lutheran liturgy distinguishes Lutheran worship from the worship
of other churches to such an extent that the houses of worship of the
latter look like lecture halls in which the hearers are merely
addressed or instructed, while our churches are in truth houses of
prayer in which Christians serve the great God publicly before the
world.
Uniformity of ceremonies (perhaps according to the Saxon Church order
published by the Synod, which is the simplest among the many Lutheran
church orders) would be highly desirable because of its usefulness. A
poor slave of the pope finds one and same form of service, no matter
where he goes, by which he at once recognizes his church.
With us it is different. Whoever comes from Germany without a true
understanding of the doctrine often has to look for his church for a
long time, and many have already been lost to our church because of
this search. How different it would be if the entire Lutheran church
had a uniform form of worship! This would, of course, first of all
yield only an external advantage, however, one which is by no means
unimportant. Has not many a Lutheran already kept his distance from
the sects because he saw at the Lord's Supper they broke the bread
instead of distributing wafters?
The objection: "What would be the use of uniformity of ceremonies?"
was answered with the counter question, "What is the use of a flag on
the battlefield? Even though a soldier cannot defeat the enemy with
it, he nevertheless sees by the flag where he belongs. We ought not
to refuse to walk in the footsteps of our fathers. They were so far
removed from being ashamed of the good ceremonies that they publicly
confess in the passage quoted: "It is not true that we do away with
all such external ornaments"
(C.F.W. Walther, Explanation of Thesis XVIII, D, Adiaphora, of the book The
True Visible Church, delivered at St. Paul's Lutheran Church in
Indianapolis, Indiana, Beginning August 9, 1871, at the 16th Central
District Convention, translated by Fred Kramer, printed in Essays for
the Church [CPH: 1992], I:193-194).
And another commentary on historic Lutheran worship (source):
A notion of the extent to which the Lutheran Church retained and purified
olden ceremonies may be got from the following description of its usages
so late as the eighteenth century ([Rudolf] Rocholl, Gesch. d. ev.
Kirche in Deutschland, 300):
According to the Brunswick Agenda of Duke Augustus,
1657, the pastors went to the altar clad in alb, chasuble, and mass
vestments. Sacristans and elders held a fair cloth before the altar
during the administration, that no particle of the consecrated Elements
should fall to the ground. The altar was adorned with costly stuffs,
with lights and fresh flowers. “I would,” cries [Christian] Scriver,
“that one could make the whole church, and especially the altar, look
like a little Heaven.” Until the nineteenth century the ministers at
St. Sebald in Nuremberg wore chasubles at the administration of the
Holy Supper. The alb was generally worn over the Talar, even in the
sermon. [Valerius] Herberger calls it his natural Säetuch [seed-cloth],
from which he scatters the seed of the Divine Word. The alb was worn
also in the Westphalian cities. At Closter-Lüne in 1608 the minister
wore a garment of yellow gauze, and over it a chasuble on which was
worked in needlework a “Passion.” The inmates and abbesses, like
Dorothea von Medine, were seen in the costume of the Benedictines. The
“Lutheran monks” of Laccuna until 1631 wore the white gown and black
scapular of the Cistercian order. Still later they sang the Latin
Hours. The beneficiaries of the Augustinian Stift at Tübingen wore the
black cowl until 1750. The churches stood open all day. When the
Nuremberg Council ordered that they should be closed except at the
hours of service, it aroused such an uproar in the city that the
council had to yield. In 1619 all the churches in the Archbishopric of
Magdeburg were strictly charged to pray the Litany. In Magdeburg itself
there were in 1692 four Readers, two for
the Epistle, two for the Gospel. The Nicene Creed was intoned by a Deacon in Latin.
Then the sermon and general prayer having been said, the Deacon with two
Readers and two Vicars, clad in Mass garment and gowns, went in procession
to the altar, bearing the Cup, the Bread, and what pertained to the preparation
for the Holy Supper, and the Cüster [Verger] took a silver censer
with glowing coals and incense, and incensed them, while another (the Citharmeister?)
clothed and arranged the altar, lit two wax candles, and placed on it two
books bound in red velvet and silver containing the Latin Epistles and Gospels
set to notes, and on festivals set on the altar also a silver or golden
crucifix, according to the order of George of Anhalt in 1542. The Preface and Sanctus were in Latin. After
the Preface the communicants were summoned into the choir by a bell hanging
there. The Nuremberg Officium Sacrum (1664) bids all the ministers
be present in their stalls, in white chorrocken, standing or sitting, to
sing after the Frühmesse [Morning Mass], “Lord, keep us steadfast.”
The minister said his prayer kneeling with his face to the altar, with
a deacon kneeling on either side. He arranged the wafers on the paten in
piles of ten, like the shewbread, while the Introit and Kyrie
were sung. The responses by the choir were in Latin. Up to 1690 the
Latin service was still said at St. Sebald’s and St. Lawrence’s.
Throughout this (eighteenth) century we find daily Matins and Vespers,
with the singing of German psalms. There were sermons on weekdays.
There were no churches in which they did not kneel in confession and at
the Consecration of the Elements.
These ceremonies yielded finally to the attacks of the Reformed and the
influence of Rationalism. -- In our own age we feel an increased respect
for the dignified worship of the Reformers.
(Edward T. Horn, “Ceremonies in the Lutheran Church,” in The
Lutheran Cyclopedia [Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1899], p. 83.)
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